Bias in Peer and Merit Review: References

This list of references follows the order in which topics are introduced in the Bias in Peer and Merit Review Modules.

Bias in General

  1. American Bar Association Commission on Disability Rights. (2021). Implicit biases and people with disabilities. ABA Resources Identify Implicit Biases Against People with Disabilities.
  2. Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC). (2021). Unconscious bias resources for health professionals. Unconscious Bias Resources for Health Professionals | AAMC.
  3. Banaji, M. R. (2001). Implicit attitudes can be measured. In H. L. Roediger (Ed.), The Nature of Remembering: Essays in honor of Robert G. Crowder (pp. 117-150). American Psychological Association. Implicit attitudes can be measured.
  4. Beagan, B. L., Mohamed, T., Brooks, K., Waterfield, B. & Weinberg, M. (2021) Microaggressions experienced by LGBTQ academics in Canada: 'Just not fitting in… it does take a toll.' International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 34(3), 197-212. Microaggressions experienced by LGBTQ academics in Canada: "just not fitting in… it does take a toll": International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education.
  5. Brewer, M. B. (2017). Intergroup discrimination: Ingroup love or outgroup hate? In C. G. Sibley & F. K. Barlow (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of the psychology of prejudice (pp. 90–110). Cambridge University Press. Intergroup Discrimination: Ingroup Love or Outgroup Hate? (Chapter 5) - The Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Prejudice.
  6. Brière S. (2022). Biais inconscients et comportement inclusifs dans les organisations. Québec : Presse Université Laval. Biais inconscients et comportements inclusifs dans les organisations | Presses de l'Université Laval (in French only).
  7. Burczycka, M. (2020). Students' experiences of discrimination based on gender, gender identity or sexual orientation at postsecondary schools in the Canadian provinces, 2019 (Catalogue no. 85-005-X). Statistics Canada. Students' experiences of discrimination based on gender, gender identity or sexual orientation at postsecondary schools in the Canadian provinces, 2019.
  8. Canada Research Coordinating Committee. (2021). New frontiers in research fund best practices in equity, diversity and inclusion in research: A guide for applicants to NFRF competitions. Government of Canada. Best practices in equity, diversity and inclusion in research practice and design.
  9. Canadian Association of University Teachers. (2018, April). Underrepresented and underpaid: diversity and equity among Canada's post-secondary education teachers. Underrepresented & Underpaid Diversity & Equity Among Canada's Post-Secondary Education Teachers [ PDF (6.3 MB) - external link ].
  10. Canadian Institutes of Health Research. (2019). Science fact or science fiction: Are medications and medical devices more dangerous for women? Science fact or science fiction: are medications and medical devices more dangerous for women? - CIHR [ PDF (330 KB) ].
  11. Catalyst. (2020, January 02). 11 Harmful Types of Unconscious Bias and How to Interrupt Them. Types of Unconscious Bias and How to Interrupt Them.
  12. Careers Research and Advisory Center. (2020, October). Qualitative research on barriers to progression of disabled scientists (Issue 14). Qualitative research on barriers to progression of disabled scientists [ PDF (1.47 MB) - external link ].
  13. Chapman, E. N., Kaatz, A., & Carnes, M. (2013). Physicians and Implicit Bias: How doctors may unwittingly perpetuate health care disparities. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 28(11), 1504-1510. Physicians and Implicit Bias: How Doctors May Unwittingly Perpetuate Health Care Disparities | Journal of General Internal Medicine.
  14. Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalising the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1(8). Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics.
  15. Department of Women and Gender Equality. (2020). LGBTQ2 terminology – Glossary and common acronyms. Government of Canada. 2SLGBTQI+ terminology – Glossary and common acronyms - Canada.ca.
  16. Eagan, K. & Garvey, J. C. (2015). Stressing out: Connecting race, gender and stress with faculty productivity. The Journal of Higher Education, 86(6), 923-951. Stressing Out: Connecting Race, Gender, and Stress with Faculty Productivity: The Journal of Higher Education: Vol 86, No 6.
  17. Edgerton, S. V. (2020). LGBT+ scientists give their views on their workplaces. Nature, 586, 813-816. LGBT+ scientists give their views on their workplaces - Nature.
  18. FitzGerald, C. & Hurst, S. (2017). Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: A systematic review. BMC Medical Ethics, 18(19). Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: a systematic review | BMC Medical Ethics | Full Text.
  19. Gilliam, W. S., Maupin, A. N., Reyes, C. R., Accavitti, M., & Shic, F. (2016, September 28). Do early educators' implicit biases regarding sex and race relate to behavior expectations and recommendations of preschool expulsions and suspensions? Research Study Brief. Yale Child Study Center. Do Early Educators' Implicit Biases Regarding Sex and Race Relate to Behavior Expectations and Recommendations of Preschool Expulsions and Suspensions?
  20. Girier, D. (2019, August 1). Conférence Sur Les Biais Inconscients : L'impact Des Préjugés Sur Notre Prise de Décisions [Video]. Réseau Interuniversitaire Québecois Sur EDI- RIQEDI. Conférence sur les biais inconscients : L'impact des préjugés sur notre prise de décisions(in French only).
  21. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74 (6), 1464-1480. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test.
  22. Hango, Darcy. (2021). Harassment and discrimination among faculty and researchers in Canada's postsecondary institutions. Insights on Canadian society series (Catalogue no. 75‑006‑X). Statistics Canada. Harassment and discrimination among faculty and researchers in Canada's postsecondary institutions.
  23. Hernandez, J. C. & Lopez, M. A. (2004). Leaking pipeline: Issues impacting Latino/a college student retention. Journal of College Student Retention, 6(1),37-60. Leaking pipeline: Issues impacting latino/a college student retention.
  24. Hinton, A. O., Tremini, C. M., Spencer, E. C., Rutaganira, F. U. N., Chery, D., Roby, R., Vue, Z., Pack, A. D., Brady, L. J., Garza-Lopez, E., Marshall, A. G., Lewis, S. C., Shuler, H. D., Taylor, B. L., McReynolds, M. R., & Palavincino-Maggio, C. B. (2020). Patching the leaks: Revitalizing and reimagining the STEM pipeline. Cell, 183(3),568-575. Patching the Leaks: Revitalizing and Reimagining the STEM Pipeline: Cell.
  25. Johnson, A. G. (2018). Privilege, power and difference (3rd ed.). McGraw Hill. Privilege, Power, and Difference.
  26. Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity. (2012). Understanding Implicit Bias. Understanding Implicit Bias - Kirwan Institute [ PDF (4.0 MB) - external link ].
  27. Marcelin, J. R., Siraj, D. S., Victor, R., Kotadia, S., & Maldonado, Y. A. (2019). The impact of unconscious bias in healthcare: How to recognize it and mitigate it. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 220 (S2), S62-73. Impact of Unconscious Bias in Healthcare: How to Recognize and Mitigate It | The Journal of Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic.
  28. McIntosh, P. (2010). White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack" and "Some Notes for Facilitators. National SEED Project on Inclusive Curriculum. Originally printed in the Peace and Freedom Magazine, July/August, 1989, p. 10–12. "White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack" and "Some Notes for Facilitators" - National SEED Project.
  29. Meissner, F. Grigutsch, L. A., Koranyi, N., Muller, F., & Rothermund, K. (2019). Predicting behaviour with implicit measures: Disillusioning findings, reasonable explanations and sophisticated solutions. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2483. Frontiers | Predicting Behavior With Implicit Measures: Disillusioning Findings, Reasonable Explanations, and Sophisticated Solutions.
  30. MSLearning. (2015). eLesson: Unconscious bias. Microsoft. Beyond Microsoft | Global Diversity and Inclusion at Microsoft.
  31. National Center for Cultural Competence. (n.d.). Conscious and Unconscious Biases in Health Care, Module 3: Bias and Well-meaning People. NCCC, Georgetown University Center for Child and Human Development. Conscious and Unconscious Biases in Health Care – NCCC.
  32. National Educational Association of Disabled Students. (2016). Understanding accessibility in graduate education for students with disabilities in Canada: Final report of the national graduate experience taskforce. NEADS - Projects - Graduate Taskforce.
  33. Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council. (2020). Dimensions: Equity, diversity and inclusion in Canada: Handbook. Government of Canada. NSERC - Dimensions.
  34. Olejniczak, A. J. and Wilson M, J. (2020) Who's writing open access (OA) articles? Characteristics of OA authors at Ph.D.-granting institutions in the United States. Quantitative Science Studies, 1(4), 1429–1450. Who's writing open access (OA) articles? Characteristics of OA authors at Ph.D.-granting institutions in the United States | Quantitative Science Studies | MIT Press.
  35. Onyeador, I. N., Hudson, S. K. T., & Lewis Jr, N. A. (2021). Moving beyond implicit bias training: Policy insights for increasing organizational diversity. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 8(1), 19-26. Moving Beyond Implicit Bias Training: Policy Insights for Increasing Organizational Diversity - Ivuoma N. Onyeador, Sa-kiera T. J. Hudson, Neil A. Lewis, 2021.
  36. Oxtoby, K. (2020). How unconscious bias can discriminate against patients and affect their care. British Medical Journal, 371, m4152. How unconscious bias can discriminate against patients and affect their care | The BMJ.
  37. Payne, K. B., & Hannay, J. W. (2021). Implicit bias reflects systemic racism. Trends in Cognitive Science, 25(11),927-936. Implicit bias reflects systemic racism: Trends in Cognitive Sciences.
  38. Perception Institute. (n.d.). Explicit bias. Explicit Bias Explained - Perception Institute.
  39. Rodriguez, J. E., Tumin, D., & Campbell, K. J. (2021). Sharing the power of white privilege to catalyze positive change in academic medicine. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 8, 539–542. Sharing the Power of White Privilege to Catalyze Positive Change in Academic Medicine - PubMed.
  40. Staats, C., Capatosto, K., Wright, R. A., & Contractor, D. (2015). State of the Science Implicit Bias Review. The Kirwan Institute, Ohio State University. State of the Science Implicit Bias Review - Kirwan Institute [ PDF (1.52 MB) - external link ].
  41. Statistics Canada. (2020). Survey of postsecondary faculty and researchers (Survey number 5299). The Daily — Survey of Postsecondary Faculty and Researchers, 2019.
  42. Sukhai, M. & Mohler, C. E. (2017). Creating a Culture of Accessibility in the Sciences. Academic Press. Creating a Culture of Accessibility in the Sciences | ScienceDirect.
  43. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations, (pp. 33–48). Monterey, CA: Brooks-Cole. An integrative theory of intergroup conflict - APA.
  44. Terry, D. J., and Hogg, M. A. (1996). Group norms and the attitude-behavior relationship: a role for group identification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(8), 776–793. Group Norms and the Attitude-Behavior Relationship: A Role for Group Identification - SAGE.
  45. Van der Vleuten, M., Steinmetz, S. & van de Werfhorst, H. (2018). Gender norms and STEM: The importance of friends for stopping leakage from the STEM pipeline. Educational Research and Evaluation, 24(6-7), 417-436. Full article: Gender norms and STEM: the importance of friends for stopping leakage from the STEM pipeline.
  46. Zoino-Jeannetti, J. & Pearrow, M. (2020). Exploring power: An examination of social privilege and social capital of future educators. Educational Studies, 56(5), 506–518. Exploring Power: An Examination of Social Privilege and Social Capital of Future Educators: Educational Studies.

Racial Bias

  1. Armstrong, J. & Armstrong, J. (2021, September 30). A critical race approach to academic journal editor and reviewer bias in manuscript acceptance. NCFR Report: Dismantling Structural Inequality and Racism, Fall 2021. National Council on Family Relations. A Critical Race Approach to Academic Journal Editor and Reviewer Bias in Manuscript Acceptance | National Council on Family Relations.
  2. Avery, D. R., B, D. K., Dumas, T. L., George, E., Joshi, A., Loyd, D. L., van Knippenberg, D., Wang, M., & Xu, H. (Howie). (2022). Racial Biases in the Publication Process: Exploring Expressions and Solutions. Journal of Management, 48(1), 7-16. Racial Biases in the Publication Process: Exploring Expressions and Solutions - Journal of Management.
  3. Black Canadian Studies Association. (2019). An Open Letter to Congress of the Humanities and Social Sciences from the Black Canadian Studies Association (BSCA). An Open Letter to Congress of the Humanities and Social Sciences - BSCA.
  4. Canadian Association of Research Ethics Boards/L'Association Canadienne des comités d'éthique de la recherche 2021. (2021, November 16). Anti-black Racism (part 2 of 5) [Video]. YouTube. Anti-black Racism (part 2 of 5) - YouTube
  5. Canadian Association of University Teachers. (April, 2018). Underrepresented and underpaid: Diversity and equity among Canada's post-secondary education teachers. Underrepresented and Underpaid: Diversity and Equity among Canada's Post-secondary Education Teachers [ PDF (6.3 MB) - external link .
  6. Capers, Q., Clinchot, D., McDougal, L., & Greenwald, A. G. (2017). Implicit racial bias in medical school admissions. Academic Medicine, 92(3),365-369. Implicit racial bias in medical school admissions - Academic Medicine.
  7. Cerdena, J. P., Plaisime, M. V., & Tsai, J. (2020). From race-based to race-conscious medicine: How anti-racist uprisings call us to act. Lancet, 396(10257), 1125–1128. From race-based to race-conscious medicine: how anti-racist uprisings call us to act - The Lancet.
  8. Datta, G., Siddiqi, A., & Lofters, A. (2021). Transforming race-based health research in Canada. CMAJ. 193(3), E99-100. Transforming race-based health research in Canada | CMAJ.
  9. Dryden, O. & Nnorom, O. (2021). Time to dismantle systemic anti-black racism in medicine in Canada. CMAJ, 193, E55-57. Time to dismantle systemic anti-Black racism in medicine in Canada | CMAJ.
  10. Dzirasa, K. (2020). Revising the a priori hypothesis: systemic racism has penetrated science funding. Cell. 183(3), 576-579. Revising the a Priori Hypothesis: Systemic Racism Has Penetrated Scientific Funding: Cell.
  11. Eagan, K. & Garvey, J. C. (2015). Stressing out: Connecting race, gender and stress with faculty productivity. The Journal of Higher Education, 86(6), 923-951. Stressing Out: Connecting Race, Gender, and Stress with Faculty Productivity: The Journal of Higher Education.
  12. Erosheva, E. A., Grant, S., Chen, M., Lindner, M. D., Nakamura, R. K., & Lee, C. J. (2020). NIH peer review: Criterion scores completely account for racial disparities in overall impact scores. Science Advances, 6(23), eaaz4868. NIH peer review: Criterion scores completely account for racial disparities in overall impact scores | Science Advances.
  13. FitzGerald, C. & Hurst, S. (2017). Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: A systematic review. BMC Medical Ethics, 18(19). Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: a systematic review | BMC Medical Ethics | Full Text.
  14. Flores, L. E., Frontera, W. R., Andrasik, M. P., del Rio, C., Mondriquez-Gonzalez, A., Price, S. A., Krantz, E. M., Pergam, S. A., & Silver, J. K. (2021). Assessment of the inclusion of racial/ethnic minority, female and older individuals in vaccine clinical trials. JAMA Network Open, 4(2), e2037640. Assessment of the Inclusion of Racial/Ethnic Minority, Female, and Older Individuals in Vaccine Clinical Trials | Infectious Diseases | JAMA Network Open | JAMA Network.
  15. Garneau, S. (2018). Le voile, l'alcool et l'accent. La « diversité » à l'épreuve du racisme vécu. Diversité Urbaine, 17, 7–28. Le voile, l'alcool et l'accent. La « diversité » à l'épreuve du racisme vécu. – Diversité urbaine – Érudit.
  16. Goethe, T. S. (2019, March 2). Bigotry encoded: Racial bias in technology. Reporter. Bigotry Encoded: Racial Bias in Technology – Reporter Magazine.
  17. Hassen, N., Lofters, A., Michael, S., Mall, A., Pinto, A. D., & Rackal, J. (2021). Implementing anti-racism interventions in healthcare settings: A scoping review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 2993. Implementing Anti-Racism Interventions in Healthcare Settings: A Scoping Review.
  18. Hayden, E. C. (2015). Racial bias haunts NIH grants. Nature, 527, 286–287. Racial bias continues to haunt NIH grants | Nature.
  19. Henry, F., Dua, E., James, C. E., Kobayashi, A., Li, P., Ramos, H., & Smith, M. S. (2017). The equity myth: Racialization and indigeneity at Canadian universities. UBC Press. UBC Press | The Equity Myth - Racialization and Indigeneity at Canadian Universities
  20. Hofstra, B., Kulkarni, V. V., Galvez, S. M., & McFarland, D. (2020). The diversity-innovation paradox in science. PNAS, 117(17), 9284-9291. The Diversity–Innovation Paradox in Science | PNAS.
  21. Hoppe, T. A., Litovitz, A., Willis, K. A., Meseroll, R. A., Perkins, M. J., Hutchins, B. I., Davis, A., F., Lauer, M. S., Valantine, H. A., Anderson, J. M., & Santangelo, G. M., (2019). Topic choice contributes to the lower rate of NIH awards to African American/black scientists. Science Advances, 5,eaaw7238. Topic choice contributes to the lower rate of NIH awards to African-American/black scientists | Science Advances.
  22. Jean‐Pierre, J. & James, C. E. (2020). Beyond pain and outrage: Understanding and addressing anti‐black racism in Canada. The Canadian Review of Sociology, 57(4), 708–712. Beyond Pain and Outrage: Understanding and Addressing Anti‐Black Racism in Canada - Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie - Wiley Online Library.
  23. Ka, M. & Jacquet, M. (2020). Leadeurship dans l'enseignement supérieur au Canada : les expériences des leadeur⋅se⋅s noir⋅e⋅s d'origine africaine. Revue des sciences de l'éducation, 46(2), 149–173. Leadeurship dans l'enseignement supérieur au Canada : les expériences des leadeur⋅se⋅s noir⋅e⋅s d'origine africaine. – Revue des sciences de l'éducation – Érudit.
  24. Khan, M., Kobayashi, K., Lee, S. M., & Vang, Z. (2015). (In)Visible Minorities in Canadian Health Data and Research. Population Change and Lifecourse Strategic Knowledge Cluster Discussion Paper Series/ Un Réseau stratégique de connaissances Changements de population et parcours de vie Document de travail. 3(1), Article 5. (In)Visible Minorities in Canadian Health Data and Research.
  25. Larsen, K. (2019, June 5). Nova Scotia student says he was racially profiled at UBC-held Congress. CBC News. Nova Scotia student says he was racially profiled at UBC-held congress | CBC News.
  26. Li, Y. L., Bretcher, H., Oliver, R. & Ochu, E. O. (2020). Racism, equity and inclusion in research funding. Science in Parliament: The Journal of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee, 76(4), 16–19. Racism, equity and inclusion in research funding - Science in Parliament [ PDF (6.0 MB) - external link ].
  27. Merchant, R., Del Rio, C. & Boulware, L. E. (2021). Structural racism and scientific journals: A teachable moment. Journal of the American Medical Association, 326(7),607-608. Structural Racism and Scientific Journals—A Teachable Moment | Medical Journals and Publishing | JAMA | JAMA Network.
  28. McFarling, U. L. (2021, June 1). JAMA editor-in-chief stepping down after backlash from podcast that questioned racism in medicine. STAT. JAMA editor to depart following podcast that questioned racism in medicine.
  29. McGee, E. O., Griffith, D. M., & Houston, S. L. (2019). 'I know I have to work twice as hard and hope that makes me good enough': Exploring the stress and strain of black doctoral students in engineering and computing. Teacher's College Record, 121(040307). "I Know I Have to Work Twice as Hard and Hope that Makes Me Good Enough": Exploring the Stress and Strain of Black Doctoral Students in Engineering and Computing.
  30. Mohamed, T. & Beagan, B. L. (2019). 'Strange faces' in the academy: experiences of racialized and Indigenous faculty in Canadian universities. Race Ethnicity and Education, 22(3),338-354. 'Strange faces' in the academy: experiences of racialized and Indigenous faculty in Canadian universities: Race Ethnicity and Education.
  31. Oh, S., Galanter, J., Thakur, N., Pino-Yanes, M., Barcelo, N. E., Marquitta, J., de Bruin, D. M., Greenblatt, R. M., Bibbins-Domingo, K., Wu, A. H. B., Borrell, L. N., Gunter, C., & Powe, Neil R. (2015). Diversity in clinical and biomedical research: A promise yet to be fulfilled. PLoS Med 12(12), e1001918. Diversity in Clinical and Biomedical Research: A Promise Yet to Be Fulfilled | PLOS Medicine.
  32. Ontario Human Rights Commission. (n.d.). Racism and racial discrimination: Systemic discrimination [Fact sheet]. Racism and racial discrimination: Systemic discrimination (fact sheet) | Ontario Human Rights Commission.
  33. Payne, K. B. & Hannay, J. W. (2021). Implicit bias reflects systemic racism. Trends in Cognitive Science, 25(11), 927-936. Implicit bias reflects systemic racism: Trends in Cognitive Sciences.
  34. Ricks, T. N., Abbyad, C., & Polinard, E. (2021). Undoing racism and mitigating bias among healthcare professionals: Lessons learned during a systematic review. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 9(5), 1990–2000. Undoing Racism and Mitigating Bias Among Healthcare Professionals: Lessons Learned During a Systematic Review - PubMed.
  35. Roberts, S. O., Bareket-Shavit, C., Dollins, F. A, Goldie, P. D., & Mortenson, E. (2020). Racial inequality in psychological research: Trends of the past and recommendations for the future. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(6), 1295-1309. Racial Inequality in Psychological Research: Trends of the Past and Recommendations for the Future.
  36. Ross, D. A., Boatright, D., Nunez-Smith, M., Jordan, A., Chekroud, A., & Moore, E. Z. (2017). Differences in words used to describe racial and gender groups in medical student performance evaluations. PLoS ONE, 12(8), 1–10. Differences in words used to describe racial and gender groups in Medical Student Performance Evaluations | PLOS One.
  37. Salazar, J. W, Claytor, J. & Habib, A. R. (2021). Gender, race ethnicity and sexual orientation of editors at leading medical and scientific journals: A cross-sectional survey. JAMA Internal Medicine, 181(9), 1248–1251. Gender, Race, Ethnicity, and Sexual Orientation of Editors at Leading Medical and Scientific Journals: A Cross-sectional Survey | Medical Journals and Publishing | JAMA Internal Medicine | JAMA Network.
  38. Sharma, S., Dhara, A. & Alam, F. (2020). Not neutral: Reimagining anti-racism as a professional competence. CMAJ, 18(193), E101-102. Not neutral: reimagining antiracism as a professional competence | CMAJ.
  39. Statistics Canada. (2020). Selected population characteristics of postsecondary faculty and researchers by region, role, and employment status (Table 37-10-0165-01). Selected population characteristics of postsecondary faculty and researchers by region, role, and employment status.
  40. Strauss, D., Gran-Ruaz, S., Osman, M., Williams, MT., & Faber, SC. (2023) Racism and censorship in the editorial and peer review process. Frontiers in psychology, 14(1120938). Frontiers | Racism and censorship in the editorial and peer review process.
  41. Williams, M. T. (2020, July 14). Racism in academic publishing: Observations about race and peer review from a Black female professor. Psychology Today Canada. Racism in Academic Publishing | Psychology Today Canada.
  42. Williams, M. T. (2019). Adverse racial climates in academia: Conceptualization, interventions and call to action. New Ideas in Psychology, 55, 58–67. Adverse racial climates in academia: Conceptualization, interventions, and call to action - ScienceDirect.

Bias against Indigenous Peoples and communities

  1. Allen, L., Hatala, A. Ijaz, S. Courchene, D., Burma, B. (2020). Indigenous-led Health Care Partnerships in Canada. CMAJ, 192(9), E208-E216. Indigenous-led health care partnerships in Canada | CMAJ.
  2. Backhouse, C. (1999). Colour-Coded: A Legal History of Racism in Canada, 1900-1950. University of Toronto Press. Colour-Coded: A Legal History of Racism in Canada, 1900-1950.
  3. Bailey. (2016). Racism within the Canadian university: Indigenous students' experiences. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 39(7), 1261–1279. Racism within the Canadian university: Indigenous students' experiences: Ethnic and Racial Studies.
  4. Battiste, M., Bell, L., & Findlay, L. M. (2002). Decolonizing education in Canadian universities: An interdisciplinary, international, indigenous research project. Canadian Journal of Native Education, 26(2), 82. Decolonizing Education in Canadian Universities: An Interdisciplinary, International, Indigenous Research Project | Canadian Journal of Native Education.
  5. Bird, S. E. (2018). Dressing in Feathers (S. E. Bird, Ed.). Routledge. Dressing In Feathers | The Construction Of The Indian In American Popu.
  6. Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. (2022). Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans (Catalogue no. RR4-2/2023E-PDF). Government of Canada. Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans – TCPS 2 (2022).
  7. CBC Canada. (2018, February 23). The politics of citation: Is the peer review process biased against Indigenous academics? The politics of citation: Is the peer review process biased against Indigenous academics? | CBC Radio.
  8. Cote-Meek, S. (2014). Colonized Classrooms: Racism, Trauma and Resistance in Post-Secondary Education. Fernwood Publishing. Colonized Classrooms: Racism, Trauma and Resistance in Post-Secondary Education – Fernwood Publishing.
  9. Datta, R. (2018). Decolonizing both researcher and research and its effectiveness in Indigenous research. Research Ethics, 14(2), 1–24. Decolonizing both researcher and research and its effectiveness in Indigenous research.
  10. Government of Canada. (n.d.). Engagement guide: Co-developing federal distinctions-based Indigenous health legislation. Engagement guide: Co-developing federal distinctions-based Indigenous health legislation.
  11. Henry, F., James, C., Li, P. S., Kobayashi, A., Smith, M. S., Ramos, H., & Enakshi, D. (2017). The Equity Myth: Racialization and Indigeneity at Canadian Universities. UBC Press. UBC Press | The Equity Myth - Racialization and Indigeneity at Canadian Universities.
  12. Johnson, P. (2016). Indigenous Knowledge Within Academia: Exploring the Tensions That Exist Between Indigenous, Decolonizing, and Nêhiyawak Methodologies. The University of Western Ontario Journal of Anthropology, 24 (1), 44-61. Indigenous Knowledge Within Academia: Exploring the Tensions That Exist Between Indigenous, Decolonizing, and Nêhiyawak Methodologies | The University of Western Ontario Journal of Anthropology.
  13. Kurtz, D. L. M. (2013). Indigenous Methodologies: Traversing Indigenous and Western worldviews in research. AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples, 9(3), 217–229. Indigenous Methodologies: Traversing Indigenous and Western worldviews in research.
  14. LaRoque, E. (1996). The Colonization of a Native Women Scholar. In Miller C. & Chucryk M (Eds.), Women of the First Nations: Power, Wisdom and Strength. The University of Manitoba Press. Women of the First Nations – University of Manitoba Press.
  15. Lindstrom G. E. (2022). In S. E. Eaton and J. Christensen Hughes (Eds.), Academic Integrity in Canada, Ethics and Integrity in Educational Contexts. SpringerLink. Ethics and Integrity in Educational Contexts | Book series home.
  16. Loppie, S., Reading, C. & de Leeuw, S. (2014). Indigenous Experiences with Racism and its Impacts. National Collaborating Center for Indigenous Health. Indigenous experiences with racism and its impacts [ PDF (1.79 MB) - external link ].
  17. Loseto, L. L., Breton-Honeyman, K., D.N. Etiendem, Johnson, N. M., Pearce, T., Allen, J. W., Amos, A., J. Arqviq, Baak, J. E., É. Bélanger, M.P.T. Bourdages, Brammer, J. R., Fawcett, D., José Gérin-Lajoie, G, G., K. Hansen-Craik, Loring, E., Perrin, A., & Slavitch, M. (2020). Indigenous participation in peer review publications and the editorial process: reflections from a workshop. Artic Science, 6(3), 352–360. Indigenous participation in peer review publications and the editorial process: reflections from a workshop.
  18. Mitchell, F. M. (2018). Engaging in Indigenous CBPR Within Academia: A Critical Narrative. Affilia, 33(3), 379–394. Engaging in Indigenous CBPR Within Academia - Affilia.
  19. National Collaborating Centre for Indigenous Health. (n.d.). Aboriginal research designs. NCCIH - National Collaborating Centre for Indigenous Health > Home > Indigenous Knowledge(s) and Public Health.
  20. Park A. S. J., & Bahia, J. (2022). Exploring the experiences of black, indigenous and racialized graduate students: The classroom as a space of alterity, hostility and pedagogical labour. The Canadian Review of Sociology, 59(2), 138–155. Exploring the experiences of black, indigenous and racialized graduate students: The classroom as a space of alterity, hostility and pedagogical labour - Park - 2022 - Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie - Wiley Online Library.
  21. Phillips-Beck W, Eni R, Lavoie JG, Avery Kinew K, Kyoon Achan G, Katz A. (2020). Confronting Racism within the Canadian Healthcare System: Systemic Exclusion of First Nations from Quality and Consistent Care. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(22). Confronting Racism within the Canadian Healthcare System: Systemic Exclusion of First Nations from Quality and Consistent Care.
  22. Department of Justice Canada. (2021). Principles respecting the Government of Canada's relationship with Indigenous peoples (Catalogue no. J2-476/2018E-PDF). Government of Canada. Principles respecting the Government of Canada's relationship with Indigenous peoples.
  23. Reading, C. (2013). Understanding Racism. National Collaborating Center for Indigenous Health. Understanding racism - NCCIH [ PDF (1.0 MB) - external link ].
  24. Statistics Canada. (2020). Survey of postsecondary faculty and researchers (Survey number 5299.) The Daily — Survey of Postsecondary Faculty and Researchers, 2019.
  25. Stewart, S. (2009). One Indigenous Academic's Evolution: A Personal Narrative of Native Health Research and Competing Ways of Knowing. First Peoples Child & Family Review, 4(1), 57–65. One Indigenous Academic's Evolution: A Personal Narrative of Native Health Research and Competing Ways of Knowing – First Peoples Child & Family Review – Érudit.
  26. Street, J.M., Baum, F.E., & Anderson, I.P. (2007). Developing a collaborative research system for Aboriginal health. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 31. Developing a collaborative research system for Aboriginal health - PubMed.
  27. Styres, S., Zinga, D., Bennett, S., & Bomberry, M. (2010). Walking in Two Worlds: Engaging the Space Between Indigenous Community and Academia. Canadian Journal of Education / Revue Canadienne de l'éducation, 33(3), 617–648. Walking in Two Worlds: Engaging the Space Between Indigenous Community and Academia | Canadian Journal of Education/Revue canadienne de l'éducation.
  28. Thobani, S. (2022). Coloniality and racial (in)justice in the university: counting for nothing? University of Toronto Press. Coloniality and Racial (In)Justice in the University - University of Toronto Press.

Ableist Bias

  1. American Bar Association Commission on Disability Rights. (2021). Implicit biases and people with disabilities. ABA Resources Identify Implicit Biases Against People with Disabilities.
  2. Australian Institute of Family Studies. (2020). Lived experience of people with disabilities. Lived experience of people with disabilities | Australian Institute of Family Studies.
  3. Brown, N. & Ramlackhan, K. (2021). Exploring experiences of ableism in academia: A constructivist inquiry. Higher Education, 83(6),1–15. Exploring experiences of ableism in academia: a constructivist inquiry | Higher Education.
  4. Brown, N. & Leigh, J. (2018). Ableism in academia: Where are the disabled and ill academics? Disability and Society, 33(6),985-989. Full article: Ableism in academia: where are the disabled and ill academics?
  5. Bunbury, S. (2019). Unconscious bias and the medical model: How the social model may hold the key to transformative thinking about disability discrimination. International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 19(1),26–47. Unconscious bias and the medical model: How the social model may hold the key to transformative thinking about disability discrimination.
  6. Campbell, F.K. (2001). Inciting Legal Fictions: 'Disability's' date with ontology and the ableist body of the law. Griffith Law Review 2001. 10, 42-62. Disability's date with ontology and the ableist body of the law - Griffith University.
  7. Careers Research and Advisory Center (CRAC). (2020). Qualitative research on barriers to progression of disabled scientists. Qualitative research on barriers to progression of disabled scientists [ PDF (1.47 MB) - external link ].
  8. Dolmage, J. T. (2017). Academic ableism: Disability and higher education. University of Michigan Press. Project MUSE - Academic Ableism.
  9. Eisenmenger, A. (2019, December 12). Ableism 101: What it is, what it looks like, and what we can do to fix it. Access Living. Ableism 101 - What is Ableism? What Does it Look Like?
  10. Friedman, C. (2018). Aversive ableism: Modern prejudice towards disabled people. Review of Disability Studies: An international journal, 14(4). View of Aversive Ableism: Modern Prejudice Towards Disabled People.
  11. Gappmayer, G. (2021). Disentangling disablism and ableism: The social norm of being able and its influence on social interactions with people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Occupational Science, 28(1), 102–113. Disentangling disablism and ableism: The social norm of being able and its influence on social interactions with people with intellectual disabilities: Journal of Occupational Science.
  12. Goering, S. (2015). Rethinking disability: The social model of disability and chronic disease. Current Review of Musculoskeletal Medicine, 8(2), 134-138. Rethinking disability: the social model of disability and chronic disease | Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine.
  13. Haelle, T. (2019, July 31). Identity-first vs. person-first language is an important distinction. Association of Health Care Journalists. Identity-first vs. person-first language is an important distinction | Association of Health Care Journalists.
  14. Hogan, A. J. (2019). Social and medical models of disability and mental health: Evolution and renewal. CMAJ, 191(1), E16-8. Social and medical models of disability and mental health: evolution and renewal | CMAJ.
  15. Human Resource and Skills Development Canada. (2013). Federal Disability Reference Guide (Catalogue no. HS64-17/2013E-PDF). Government of Canada. Federal Disability Reference Guide - HRSDC [ PDF (845 KB) - external link ].
  16. Iezzoni, L. (2018). Explicit disability bias in peer review. Medical Care, 56(4), 277-278. Explicit disability bias in peer review - Medical Care.
  17. Inkle, K. (2018). Unreasonable Adjustments: The additional unpaid labour of academics with disabilities. Disability and Society, 33(8), 1372-1376. Full article: Unreasonable adjustments: the additional unpaid labour of academics with disabilities.
  18. Janz, H. (2019). Ableism: The undiagnosed malady afflicting medicine. CMAJ, 29(191), e478-479. Ableism: the undiagnosed malady afflicting medicine | CMAJ.
  19. McCloy, U. & DeClou, L. (2013). Disability in Ontario: Postsecondary education participation rates, student experience and labour market outcomes. Toronto: Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario. At Issue: Disability in Ontario - Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario [ PDF (451 KB) - external link ].
  20. Merchant, W., Read, S., D'Evelyn, S., Miles, C. & Williams, V. (2019). The insider view: Tackling disabling practices in higher education institutions. Higher Education, 80, 273–287. The insider view: tackling disabling practices in higher education institutions | Higher Education.
  21. National Center on Disability and Journalism. (2021). Disability Language Style Guide. NCDJ. Disability Language Style Guide | National Center on Disability and Journalism.
  22. National Educational Association of Disabled Students. (2016). Understanding accessibility in graduate education for students with disabilities in Canada: Final report of the national graduate experience taskforce. NEADS - Projects - Graduate Taskforce.
  23. Price, M., Salzer, M. S., O'Shea, A., & Kerschbaum, S. L. (2017). Disclosure of mental disability by college and university faculty: The negotiation of accommodations, supports and barriers. Disability Studies Quarterly, 37(2). Disclosure of Mental Disability by College and University Faculty: The Negotiation of Accommodations, Supports, and Barriers | Disability Studies Quarterly.
  24. Rohmer, O. & Louvet, E. (2012). Implicit measures of the stereotype content associated with disability. British Journal of Social Psychology, 51(4), 732-740. Implicit measures of the stereotype content associated with disability - Rohmer - 2012 - British Journal of Social Psychology - Wiley Online Library.
  25. Sang, K., Calvard, T., & Remnant, J. (2021). Disability and academic careers: Using the social relational model to reveal the role of human resource management practices in creating disability. Work, Employment and Society, 36(4), 095001702199373. Disability and Academic Careers: Using the Social Relational Model to Reveal the Role of Human Resource Management Practices in Creating Disability.
  26. Schimmele, C., Jeon, S., & Arim, R. (2021). Work experiences of women with disabilities ( Catalogue no. 36-28-0001). Statistics Canada. Work experiences of women with disabilities - Statistics Canada.
  27. Smith, D. H. & Andrews, J. F. (2015). Deaf and hard of hearing faculty in higher education: Enhancing access, equity, policy and practice. Disability and Society, 30(10), 1521-1536. Deaf and hard of hearing faculty in higher education: enhancing access, equity, policy, and practice: Disability & Society.
  28. Statistics Canada. (2021). The Accessibility Experiences of Canadians with Disabilities, 2017.The accessibility experiences of Canadians with disabilities, 2017 [ PDF (152 KB) - external link ].
  29. Swenor, B. K., Munoz, B., & Meeks, L. M. (2019). A decade of decline: Grant funding for researchers with disabilities, 2008 to 2018. PLoS One, 15(3), e0228686. A decade of decline: Grant funding for researchers with disabilities 2008 to 2018 | PLOS One.
  30. BC Office of Equity, Diversity and Inclusion. (2021, September). Equitable research productivity assessments Canada research chair final report and recommendations. University of British Columbia. Canada Research Chair Equitable Research Productivity Assessments  - UBC [ PDF (407 KB) - external link ].
  31. Waterfield, B., Beagan, B. & Weinberg, M. (2017). Disabled Academics: A case study in Canadian universities. Disability & Society, 33(3), 327–348. Disabled academics: a case study in Canadian universities: Disability & Society.

Language, Institutional, Age and Career Stage Bias

  1. Acfas. (2021). Portrait et défis de la recherche en français en contexte minoritaire au Canada. Portrait et défis de la recherche en français en contexte minoritaire au Canada | Acfas (in French only).
  2. Acfas. (2021). Pour La Pérennité et l'épanouissement de La Production et de La Diffusion Des Savoirs En Français d'un Océan à l'autre. Pour la pérennité et l'épanouissement de la production et de la diffusion des savoirs en français d'un océan à l'autre - Bibliothèque de l'Assemblée nationale du Québec (in French only).
  3. Cameron-Pesant, S. (2018). Usage et Diffusion Des Revues Savantes Québécoises En Sciences Sociales et Humaines: Analyse Des Téléchargements de La Plateforme Érudit. Recherches Sociographiques, 59(3), 365–84. Usage et diffusion des revues savantes québécoises en sciences sociales et humaines : analyse des téléchargements de la plateforme Érudit [ PDF (1.8 MB) - external link ].
  4. Government of Canada. (2012). Support to official-language minority communities. Support to official-language minority communities - Canada.ca.
  5. Government of Canada. (2022). Sign languages -Learning. Sign languages – Learning - Collection of Canadian language resources - Resources of the Language Portal of Canada - Languages - Canadian identity and society - Culture, history and sport - Canada.ca.
  6. Larivière, V. (2018). Le Français, Langue Seconde? De l'évolution Des Lieux et Langues de Publication Des Chercheurs Aux Québec, En France et En Allemagne. Recherches Sociographiques, 59(3), 339–63. Le français, langue seconde? De l'évolution des lieux et langues de publication des chercheurs au Québec, en France et en Allemagne [ PDF (2.5 MB) - external link ].
  7. Lee, C.J., Sugimoto, C. R., Zhang, G., & Cronin, B. (2013). Bias in peer review. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 64(1), 2-17. Bias in peer review - Lee - 2013 - Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology - Wiley Online Library.
  8. Marcoux, R. (2018.) Deux Solitudes Ou One and a Half? La Langue Des Articles Cités En Bibliographie Comme Illustration Des Pratiques Scientifiques En Sciences Humaines Au Canada et Au Québec. Recherches Sociographiques, 59(3), 435–49. Deux solitudes ou One and a half? La langue des articles cités en bibliographie comme illustration des pratiques scientifiques en sciences humaines au Canada et au Québec [ PDF (1.32 MB) - external link ].
  9. Marsh, H. W., Jayasinghe, U. W., & Bond, N. W. (2008). Improving the peer-review process for grant applications: Reliability, validity, bias, and generalizability. American Psychologist, 63(3), 160–168. Improving the peer-review process for grant applications: Reliability, validity, bias, and generalizability.
  10. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. (2013). The role of Canadian federal research funding agencies in the promotion of official languages (Catalogue no. SF31-93/2007). Government of Canada. The role of Canadian federal research funding agencies in the promotion of official languages - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca.
  11. Politzer-Ahles, S., Girolamo, T. & Ghali, S. (2020). Preliminary evidence of linguistic bias in academic reviewing. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 47, 100895. Preliminary evidence of linguistic bias in academic reviewing - ScienceDirect.
  12. Quirion, R. (2021, May 5). La Recherche et La Science En Français En 2021. Le Devoir. La recherche et la science en français en 2021 | Le Devoir (in French only).
  13. United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. (n.d.). Call for Input: Thematic report on ageism and age discrimination. Call for inputs: thematic report on ageism and age discrimination | OHCHR.
  14. Warren, JP., & Vincent L. (2018). La Diffusion Des Connaissances En Langue Française En Sciences Humaines et Sociales. Les Défis Du Nouvel Environnement International. Recherches Sociographiques, 59(3), 327. La diffusion des connaissances en langue français en sciences humaines et sociales – Recherches sociographiques – Érudit.
  15. Warren, JP. (2018). La Traduction En Sciences Humaines et Sociales Au Canada. Dynamiques Générales et Impacts Du PAES. Recherches Sociographiques, 59(3), 385–409. La traduction en sciences humaines et sociales au Canada. Dynamiques générales et impacts du PAES [ PDF (2.0 MB) - external link ].
  16. World Health Organization. (2021). Global report on ageism.  Global report on ageism - WHO.

Gender Bias

  1. Antecol, H., Bedard, K., & Stearns, J. (2018). Equal but inequitable: Who benefits from gender-neutral tenure clock stopping policies? American Economic Review, 108(9), 2420-2441. Equal but Inequitable: Who Benefits from Gender-Neutral Tenure Clock Stopping Policies? - American Economic Association.
  2. Anderson, A.J., Ahmad, A.S., King, E.B., Lindsey, A.P., Feyre, R.P., Ragone, S., & Kim, S. (2015). The effectiveness of three strategies to reduce the influence of bias in evaluations of female leaders. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 45(9), 522-539. The effectiveness of three strategies to reduce the influence of bias in evaluations of female leaders - Anderson - 2015 - Journal of Applied Social Psychology - Wiley Online Library.
  3. Barriere, S. G., Söderqvist, L., & Fröberg, J. (2021). How gender-equal is higher education? Women's and men's preconditions for conducting research. Swedish Research Council. How gender-equal is higher education? [ PDF (1.64 MB) - external link ]
  4. Bertrand, M. & Mullainathan, S. (2003). Are Emily and Greg more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market discrimination. The American Economic Review, 94(4), 991-1013. Are Emily and Greg More Employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination | NBER.
  5. Carnes, M., Devine, P. G., Manwell, L. B., Byars-Winston, A., Fine, E., Forde, C. E., Froscher, P., Isaac, C., Kaatz, A., Magua, W., Palta, M., & Sheridan, J. (2015). Effect of an intervention to break the gender bias habit for faculty at one institution: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Academic Medicine, 90(2), 221-230. Effect of an intervention to break the gender bias habit for faculty at one institution - Academic Medicine.
  6. Chatterjee, P. & Werner, R. M. (2021). Gender disparity in citations in high-impact journal articles. JAMA Network Open, 4(7), e2114509. Gender Disparity in Citations in High-Impact Journal Articles | Medical Journals and Publishing | JAMA Network Open | JAMA Network.
  7. Chesler, N.C., Barabino, G., Bhatia, S.N. & Richards-Kortum, R. (2010). The pipeline still leaks and more than you think: A status report on gender diversity in biomedical engineering. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 38, 1928–1935. The Pipeline Still Leaks and More Than You Think: A Status Report on Gender Diversity in Biomedical Engineering | Annals of Biomedical Engineering.
  8. Corbeil, C., and Marchand, I. (2006, October 26). L'approche Intersectionnelle : Origines, Fondements Théoriques et Apport à l'intervention Féministe. Défis et Enjeux Pour l'intervention Auprès Des Femmes Marginalisées. Christine Corbeil et Isabelle Marchand, IREF, UQAM : L'approche intersectionnelle : origines, fondements théoriques et apport (in French only) [ PDF (66.3 KB) - external link ].
  9. Council of Canadian Academies. (2012, November 21). Strengthening Canada's research capacity: The gender dimension. Expert Panel on Women in University Research. Council of Canadian Academies | CCA | Strengthening Canada's Research Capacity: The Gender Dimension.
  10. Fine, E. & Handelsman, J. (2006). Reviewing applicants: Research on bias and assumptions. Women in Science & Engineering Leadership Institute (WISELI). University of Wisconsin-Madison. Reviewing Applicants: Research on Bias and Assumptions || Women in Science & Engineering Leadership Institute [ PDF (189 KB) - external link ].
  11. Forscher, P. S., Cox, W. T. L., Brauer, Markus, & Devine, P. G. (2019). Little race or gender bias in an experiment of initial review of NIH R01 grant proposals. Natural Human Behaviour, 3(3), 257-264. Little race or gender bias in an experiment of initial review of NIH R01 grant proposals | Nature Human Behaviour.
  12. Gaskins, L. C., & McClain, C. R. (2021). Visible name changes promote inequity for transgender researchers. PLoS Biology, 19(3). Visible name changes promote inequity for transgender researchers | PLOS Biology.
  13. Gaucher, D., Friesen, J., & Kay, A. (2011). Evidence that gendered wording in job advertisements exists and sustains gender inequality. Journal of personality and social psychology, 101(1), 109-128. Evidence that gendered wording in job advertisements exists and sustains gender inequality - PubMed.
  14. Ghiasi, G., Larivière, V., & Sugimoto, C. (2016). Gender difference in synchronous and diachronous self-citations. Valencia. Gender Differences in Synchronous and Diachronous Self-citations | GenPORT.
  15. Guichard, A. & Ridde, V. (2018). Equality at all cost – and any price – for research funding in Canada? Canadian Journal of Public Health, 110(1), 114-117. Equity at all cost—and any price—for research funding in Canada? | Canadian Journal of Public Health.
  16. Hankivsky, O. & Kapilashrami, A. (2020). Beyond sex and gender analysis: An intersectional view of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak and response. Policy Brief from the University of Melbourne Global Policy Institute. University of Melbourne. Beyond sex and gender analysis: An intersectional view of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak and respons | National Collaborating Centre for Determinants of Health.
  17. Haverfield, J. & Tannenbaum, Cara. (2021). A 10-year longitudinal evaluation of science policy interventions to promote sex and gender in health research. Health Research Policy and Systems, 19(94). A 10-year longitudinal evaluation of science policy interventions to promote sex and gender in health research | Health Research Policy and Systems | Full Text.
  18. Helmer, M., Schottdorf, M., Neef, A. & Battaglia, D. (2017). Gender bias in scholarly peer review. eLife, 6, e21718. Research: Gender bias in scholarly peer review | eLife.
  19. Hughto, J. M. W., Reisner, S. L., & Pachankis, J. E. (2015). Transgender stigma and health: A critical review of stigma determinants, mechanisms and interventions. Social Science and Medicine, 147, 222-231. Transgender stigma and health: A critical review of stigma determinants, mechanisms, and interventions - ScienceDirect.
  20. Kaatz, A., Gutierrez, B., & Carnes, M. (2014). Threats to objectivity in peer review: The case of gender. Trends in Pharmacological Science, 35(8), 371-373. Threats to objectivity in peer review: the case of gender: Trends in Pharmacological Sciences.
  21. Gvozdanović, J. & Maes, K. (2018, January). Implicit Bias in Academia: A challenge to the meritocratic principle and to women's careers – and what to do about it. League of European Research Universities. Implicit bias in academia: A challenge to the meritocratic principle and to women's careers - And what to do about it | LERU.
  22. Lerback, J. & Hanson, B. (2017). Journals invite too few women to referee. Nature, 541, 455-457. Journals invite too few women to referee | Nature.
  23. Nielsen, M. W., Alegria, S., Borjeson, L. & Schiebinger, L. (2017). Gender diversity leads to better science. PNAS, (114)(8), 1740-1742. Gender diversity leads to better science | PNAS.
  24. Pritlove, C., Juando-Prats, C., Ala-leppilampi, K., & Parsons, J. A. (2019). The good, the bad and the ugly of implicit bias. The Lancet, 393(10171), 502-504. The good, the bad, and the ugly of implicit bias - The Lancet.
  25. Rørstad, K. & Aksnes, D. W. Publication rate expressed by age, gender and academic position: A large-scale analysis of Norwegian academic staff." Journal of Informetrics, 9(2), 317-333. Publication rate expressed by age, gender and academic position – A large-scale analysis of Norwegian academic staff - ScienceDirect.
  26. Ruiz-Cantero, M. T., Vives-Cases, C., Artazcoz, L., Delgado, A., Garcia Calvente, M. M., Migueo, C., Montero, I., Oritz, R., Ronda, E., Ruiz, I & Valls, C. (2007). A framework to analyze gender bias in epidemiological research. Journal of Epidemiological Community Health, 61(suppl 2), ii46-ii53. A framework to analyse gender bias in epidemiological research | Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health.
  27. Steinpreis, R., Andres, K. & Ritzke, D. (1999). The impact of gender on the review of the curricula vitae of job applicants and tenure candidates: A national empirical study. Sex Roles, 41(7-8), 509-528. The Impact of Gender on the Review of the Curricula Vitae of Job Applicants and Tenure Candidates: A National Empirical Study | Sex Roles.
  28. Tamblyn, R., Girard, N., Qian, C., J., & Hanley, J. (2018). Assessment of potential bias in research grant peer review in Canada. CMAJ, 190(16), E489-499. Assessment of potential bias in research grant peer review in Canada | CMAJ.
  29. Tricco, A., Thomas, S., M., Antony, J., Rios, P., Robson, R., Pattani, R., Ghassemi, M., Sullivan, S., Selvaratnam, I., Tannenbaum, C., & Straus, S. E. (2017). Strategies to prevent or reduce gender bias in peer review of research grants: A rapid scoping review. PLoS ONE, (12)1, e0169718. Strategies to Prevent or Reduce Gender Bias in Peer Review of Research Grants: A Rapid Scoping Review | PLOS One.
  30. Trix, F., & Psenka, C. (2003). Exploring the color of glass: Letters of recommendation for female and male medical faculty. Discourse & Society, 14(2), 191-220. Exploring the Color of Glass: Letters of Recommendation for Female and Male Medical Faculty - Discourse & Society.
  31. White, J., Tannenbaum, C., Klinge, I., Scheibinger, L. & Clayton, J. (2021). The Integration of sex and gender considerations into biomedical research: Lessons from international funding agencies. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 106(10), 3034-3048. Integration of Sex and Gender Considerations Into Biomedical Research: Lessons From International Funding Agencies | The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism | Oxford Academic.
  32. Witteman, H.O., Hendricks, M., Straus, S., & Tannenbaum, C. (2019). Are gender gaps due to evaluations of the applicant or the science? A natural experiment at a national funding agency. The Lancet, 393, 531-540. Are gender gaps due to evaluations of the applicant or the science? A natural experiment at a national funding agency - The Lancet.
  33. Wennerås, C. & Wold, A. (1997). Nepotism and sexism in peer-review. Nature, 387, 341-343. Nepotism and sexism in peer-review | Nature.

Bias Based on Sexual Orientation

  1. Badgett, M.V. L., Druso, L. E., Kastanis, A. & Mallory, C. (2013, May). The business impact of LGBT-supportive workplace policies. The Williams Institute. The Business Impact of LGBT-Supportive Workplace Policies - Williams Institute.
  2. Badgett, M. V. L., Lau, H., Sears, B., & Ho, D. (2007, June). Bias in the workplace: Consistent evidence of sexual orientation and gender identity discrimination. The Williams Institute. Bias in the Workplace: Consistent Evidence of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Discrimination [ PDF (503 KB) - external link ].
  3. Balik, C. H. A., Bilgin, H., Uluman, O. T., Sukut, O., Yilmaz, S., & Buzlu, S. (2020). A systematic review of the discrimination against sexual and gender minority in health care settings. International Journal of Health Services, 50(1), 44–61. A Systematic Review of the Discrimination Against Sexual and Gender Minority in Health Care Settings.
  4. Beagan, B. L., Mohamed, T., Brooks, K., Waterfield, B. & Weinberg, M. (2021). Microaggressions experienced by LGBTQ academics in Canada: 'Just not fitting in… it does take a toll.' International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 34(3), 197-212. Microaggressions experienced by LGBTQ academics in Canada: "just not fitting in… it does take a toll": International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education.
  5. Bilimoria, D. & Stewart, A. (2009). Don't ask, don't tell: The academic climate for LGBT faculty in science and engineering. Feminist Formations, 21(2), 85-103. "Don't Ask, Don't Tell": The Academic Climate for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Faculty in Science and Engineering on JSTOR.
  6. Burczycka, M. (2020). Students' experiences of discrimination based on gender, gender identity or sexual orientation at postsecondary schools in the Canadian provinces, 2019 (Catalogue no. 85-005-X). Statistics Canada. Students' experiences of discrimination based on gender, gender identity or sexual orientation at postsecondary schools in the Canadian provinces, 2019.
  7. Catalyst. (2021, June). Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender workplace issues (quick take). Research: LGBTQ Workplace Issues.
  8. Lambert-Chan, M. (2019). Quand Le Labo Est Un Placard. Quebec Science. Quand le labo est un placard - Québec Science (in French only).
  9. Cook, T., Dimant, O. E., Novick, R., Adegbola, A., Blackstock, U., Drake, C. B., Patenaude, M. E., Ravenell, J. E., Radix, A., & Greene, R. E. (2020). Gendered expectations: Strategies for navigating structural challenges in support of transgender and nonbinary trainees in academic medicine. Academic Medicine, 95(5), 704-709. Gendered expectations: Strategies for navigating structural challenges in support of transgender and nonbinary trainees in academic medicine - Academic Medicine.
  10. Edgerton, S. V. (2020). LGBT+ scientists give their views on their workplaces. Nature, 586, 813-816. LGBT+ scientists give their views on their workplaces | Nature.
  11. Flatt, J. D., Cicero, E. C., Kittle, K. R., & Brennan-Ing, M. (2021). Recommendations for advancing research with SGM older adults. Journals of Gerontology, 77(1), 1–9. Recommendations for Advancing Research With Sexual and Gender Minority Older Adults | The Journals of Gerontology: Series B | Oxford Academic.
  12. Freeman, J. (2019, July 5). How to fight STEM's unconscious bias against LGBTQ people. Scientific American Voices. How to Fight STEM's Unconscious Bias against LGBTQ People | Scientific American.
  13. Government of Canada. (2022).  Guide on Equity, Diversity and Inclusion Terminology.  Guide on Equity, Diversity and Inclusion Terminology - Canada.ca.
  14. Government of Canada. (2020). Internationally recognized sexual orientation or gender identity or expression (SOGIE) definitions. Internationally recognized sexual orientation or gender identity or expression (SOGIE) definitions (REV-OVS-13-3-1) - Canada.ca.
  15. Hughes, B. (2018). Coming out in STEM: Factors affecting retention of sexual minority STEM students. Science Advances, 4, 63-23. Coming out in STEM: Factors affecting retention of sexual minority STEM students | Science Advances.
  16. Human Rights Campaign. (n.d.). Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Definitions. HRC | Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Definitions.
  17. Madrigal, J., Rudasill, S., Tran, Z., Bergman, J., & Benharash, P. (2021). Sexual and gender minority identity in undergraduate medical education: Impact on experience and career trajectory. PLoS ONE, 16(11), e0260387. Sexual and gender minority identity in undergraduate medical education: Impact on experience and career trajectory | PLOS One.
  18. Morris, M. Cooper, R. L., Ramesh, A., Tabatabai, M., Arcury, T., Shinn, Im, W., Juarez, P, & Matthews-Juarez, P. (2019). Training to reduce LGBTQ-related bias among medical, nursing and dental students and providers: A systematic review. BMC Medical Education, 19(325). Training to reduce LGBTQ-related bias among medical, nursing, and dental students and providers: a systematic review | BMC Medical Education | Full Text.
  19. Nelson, J., Mattheis, A. & Yoder, J. B. (2022). Nondisclosure of queer identities is associated with reduced scholarly publication rates. PLoS ONE, 17(3), e0263728. Nondisclosure of queer identities is associated with reduced scholarly publication rates | PLOS One.
  20. Schreiber, M., Ahmad, T., Scott, M., Imrie, K., & Razack, S. (2021). The case for a Canadian standard for 2SLGBTQIA+ medical education. CMAJ, 193(16), E562-565. The case for a Canadian standard for 2SLGBTQIA+ medical education | CMAJ.
  21. The Inclusion Group for Equity in Research in STEMM. (2019, November 16). Barriers LGBTQI+ people face in the research funding process. OSF Preprints | Barriers LGBTQI+ People Face in the Research Funding Processes.
  22. Toman, L. (2019). Navigating the medical culture and LGBTQ identity. The Clinical Teacher, 16(4), 335-338. Navigating medical culture and LGBTQ identity - PubMed.
  23. Tulloch, A. I. T. (2020). Improving sex and gender identity equity and inclusion at conservation and ecology conferences. Nature Ecology and Evolution, 4, 1311–1320. Improving sex and gender identity equity and inclusion at conservation and ecology conferences | Nature Ecology & Evolution.

Bias in the Peer Review Process

  1. Bornmann, L., & Hans-Dieter, D. (2004). Reliability, fairness and predictive validity of committee peer review. B.I.F. Futura, 19, 7-19. (PDF) Reliability, fairness and predictive validity of committee peer review Evaluation of the selection of post-graduate fellowship holders by the Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds.
  2. Capers, Q., Clinchot, D., McDougal, L., & Greenwald, A. G. (2017). Implicit racial bias in medical school admissions. Academic Medicine, 92(3), 365-369. Implicit racial bias in medical school admissions - Academic Medicine.
  3. Cartier, Y. (2018). Priority-setting in public health research funding organizations: An exploratory qualitative study among five high-profile funders. Health Research Policy and Systems, 16(53). Priority-setting in public health research funding organisations: an exploratory qualitative study among five high-profile funders | Health Research Policy and Systems | Full Text.
  4. CBC Canada. (2018, February 23). The politics of citation: Is the peer review process biased against Indigenous academics? CBC Radio. The politics of citation: Is the peer review process biased against Indigenous academics? | CBC Radio.
  5. Coorice, A. (2009). Unconscious bias in faculty and leadership recruitment: A literature review. Association of American Medical Colleges Analysis in Brief, 9(2). Analysis in Brief - August 2009: Unconscious Bias in Faculty and Leadership Recruitment: A Literature Review.
  6. Demazière, D. (2019). Qu'est-ce qu'une bonne revue scientifique (en sociologie et ailleurs)? SociologieS. Qu'est-ce qu'une bonne revue scientifique (en sociologie et ailleurs)? (in French only)
  7. Emerson, G. B., Warme, W. J., Wolf, F. M., Heckman, J. D., Brand, R. A. & Leopold, S. S. (2010). Testing for the presence of positive-outcome bias in peer review: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Internal Medicine, 170(21), 1934-1939. Testing for the Presence of Positive-Outcome Bias in Peer Review: A Randomized Controlled Trial | Orthopedics | JAMA Internal Medicine | JAMA Network.
  8. Erosheva, E. A., Grant, S., Chen, M., Linder, M. D., Nakamura, R. K., & Lee C. J. (2020). NIH peer review: Criterion scores completely account for racial disparities in overall impact scores. Science Advances, 6(23). NIH peer review: Criterion scores completely account for racial disparities in overall impact scores | Science Advances.
  9. Fine, E. & Handelsman, J. (2006). Reviewing applicants: Research on bias and assumptions. Women in Science & Engineering Leadership Institute (WISELI) University of Wisconsin-Madison. Reviewing Applicants: Research on Bias and Assumptions || Women in Science & Engineering Leadership Institute [ PDF (189 KB) - external link ].
  10. Ghiasi, G., Larivière, V., & Sugimoto, C. (2016). Gender difference in synchronous and diachronous self-citations. Valencia. Gender Differences in Synchronous and Diachronous Self-citations | GenPORT.
  11. Hames, I. (2007). Peer review and manuscript management in scientific journals: Guidelines for good practice. Blackwell Publishing. Peer Review and Manuscript Management in Scientific Journals | Wiley Online Books.
  12. Hofstra, B., Kulkarni, V. V., Galvez, S. M., & McFarland, D. (2020). The diversity-innovation paradox in science. PNAS, 117(17), 9284-9291. The Diversity–Innovation Paradox in Science | PNAS.
  13. Hoppe, T. A., Litovitz, A., Willis, K. A., Meseroll, R. A., Perkins, M. J., Hutchins, B. I., Davis, A., F., Lauer, M. S., Valantine, H. A., Anderson, J. M., & Santangelo, G. M. (2019). Topic choice contributes to the lower rate of NIH awards to African American/black scientists. Science Advances, 5. Topic choice contributes to the lower rate of NIH awards to African-American/black scientists | Science Advances.
  14. Hopewell, S., Collins, G. S., Boutron, I., Yu, L., Cook, J., Shanyinde, M., Wharton, R., Shamseer, L., & Altman, D.G. (2014). Impact of peer review on reports of randomized trials published in open peer review journals: Retrospective before and after study. British Medical Journal, 349, 41-45. Impact of peer review on reports of randomised trials published in open peer review journals: retrospective before and after study | The BMJ.
  15. Iezzoni, L. (2018). Explicit disability bias in peer review. Medical Care, 56(4), 277-278. Explicit disability bias in peer review - Medical Care.
  16. Kaatz, A., Gutierrez, B., & Carnes, M. (2014). Threats to objectivity in peer review: The case of gender. Trends in Pharmacological Science, 35(8), 371-373. Threats to objectivity in peer review: the case of gender: Trends in Pharmacological Sciences.
  17. Lee, C. J., Sugimoto, C. R., Zhang, G. & Cronin, B. (2013). Bias in peer review. Journal of the American Society for Information and Science Technology, 64(1), 2–17. Bias in peer review - Lee - 2013 - Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology - Wiley Online Library.
  18. Lee, C. J. (2015). Commensuration bias in peer review. Philosophy of Science, 82(5),1272-1283. Commensuration Bias in Peer Review | Philosophy of Science | Cambridge Core.
  19. Lerback, J. & Hanson, B. (2017). Journals invite too few women to referee. Nature, 541, 455-457. Journals invite too few women to referee | Nature.
  20. Luukkonen, T. (2012). Conservatism and risk-taking in peer review: Emerging ERC practices. Research Evaluation, 21(1), 48-60. Conservatism and risk-taking in peer review: Emerging ERC practices | Research Evaluation | Oxford Academic.
  21. Manchikanti, L., Kaye, A. D., Boswell, M. V., & Hirsch, J. A., (2015). Medical journal peer review: process and bias. Pain Physician, 18 (1), E1-E14. Medical journal peer review: process and bias - PubMed.
  22. Merchant, R., Del Rio, C. & Boulware, L. E. (2021). Structural racism and scientific journals: A teachable moment. Journal of the American Medical Association, 326(7), 607-608. Structural Racism and Scientific Journals—A Teachable Moment | Medical Journals and Publishing | JAMA | JAMA Network.
  23. Onken, J., Chang, L., & Kanwaal, F. (2020). Unconscious bias in peer review. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 19, 419-420. Unconscious Bias in Peer Review - Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology.
  24. Politzer-Ahles, S., Girolamo, T. & Ghali, S., (2020). Preliminary evidence of linguistic bias in academic reviewing. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 47. Preliminary evidence of linguistic bias in academic reviewing - ScienceDirect.
  25. Rørstad, K. & Aksnes, D. W. Publication rate expressed by age, gender and academic position: A large-scale analysis of Norwegian academic staff. (2015). Journal of Informetrics, 9(2), 317-333. Publication rate expressed by age, gender and academic position – A large-scale analysis of Norwegian academic staff - ScienceDirect.
  26. Ross, D. A., Boatright, D., Nunez-Smith, M., Jordan, A., Chekroud, A., & Moore, E. Z. (2017). Differences in words used to describe racial and gender groups in medical student performance evaluations. PLoS ONE, 12(8), 1–10. Differences in words used to describe racial and gender groups in Medical Student Performance Evaluations | PLOS One.
  27. Smith, R. (2006). Peer review: a flawed process at the heart of science and journals. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 99(4), 178–182. Peer Review: A Flawed Process at the Heart of Science and Journals.
  28. Tamblyn, R., Girard, N., Qian, C., J., & Hanley, J. (2018). Assessment of potential bias in research grant peer review in Canada. CMAJ, 190(16), E489-499. Assessment of potential bias in research grant peer review in Canada | CMAJ.
  29. Tricco, A., Thomas, S., M., Antony, J., Rios, P., Robson, R., Pattani, R., Ghassemi, M., Sullivan, S., Selvaratnam, I., Tannenbaum, C., & Straus, S. E. (2017). Strategies to prevent or reduce gender bias in peer review of research grants: A rapid scoping review. PLoS ONE, 12(1). Strategies to Prevent or Reduce Gender Bias in Peer Review of Research Grants: A Rapid Scoping Review | PLOS One.
  30. Trix, F., & Psenka, C. (2003). Exploring the color of glass: Letters of recommendation for female and male medical faculty. Discourse & Society, 14(2), 191-220. Exploring the Color of Glass: Letters of Recommendation for Female and Male Medical Faculty.
  31. Wennerås, C. & Wold, A. (1997). Nepotism and sexism in peer-review. Nature, 387, 341-343. Nepotism and sexism in peer-review | Nature.
  32. Williams, M. T. (2020, July 14). Racism in academic publishing: Observations about race and peer review from a Black female professor. Psychology Today Canada. Racism in Academic Publishing | Psychology Today Canada.

Ways to Mitigate Bias

  1. Anderson, A.J., Ahmad, A.S., King, E.B., Lindsey, A.P., Feyre, R.P., Ragone, S., & Kim, S. (2015). The effectiveness of three strategies to reduce the influence of bias in evaluations of female leaders. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 45(9), 522-539. The effectiveness of three strategies to reduce the influence of bias in evaluations of female leaders - Journal of Applied Social Psychology - Wiley Online Library.
  2. Antecol, H., Bedard, K., & Stearns, J. (2018). Equal but inequitable: Who benefits from gender-neutral tenure clock stopping policies? American Economic Review, 108(9), 2420-2441. Equal but Inequitable: Who Benefits from Gender-Neutral Tenure Clock Stopping Policies? - American Economic Association.
  3. Carnes, M., Devine, P. G., Baier Manwell, L., Byars-Winston, A., Fine, E., Ford, C. E., Forscher, P., Isaac, C., Kaatz, A., Magua, W., Palta, M., & Sheridan, J. (2015). The effect of an intervention to break the gender bias habit for faculty at one institution: A cluster randomized, controlled trial. Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 90(2), 221–230. Effect of an intervention to break the gender bias habit for faculty at one institution - Academic Medicine.
  4. Ross, H. (2008, August). Proven strategies for addressing unconscious bias in the workplace. CDO Insights, 2(5). Cook Ross Inc. Proven Strategies for Addressing Unconscious Bias in the Workplace - Independent Sector [ PDF (2.8 MB) - external link ].
  5. Davies, S. W., Putnam, H. M., Ainsworth, T., Baum, J. K., Bove, C. B., Crosby, S. C., Côté, I. M., Duplouy, A., Fulweiler, R. W., Griffin, A. J., Hanley, T. C., Hill, T., Humanes, A., Mangubhai, S., Metaxas, A., Parker, L. M., Rivera, H. E., Silbiger, N. J., Smith, N. S., & Spalding, A. K. (2021). Promoting inclusive metrics of success and impact to dismantle a discriminatory reward system in science. PLOS Biology, 19(6), e3001282.  Promoting inclusive metrics of success and impact to dismantle a discriminatory reward system in science | PLOS Biology.
  6. Emerson, G. B., Warme, W. J., Wolf, F. M., Heckman, J. D., Brand, R. A. & Leopold, S. S. (2010). Testing for the presence of positive-outcome bias in peer review: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Internal Medicine, 170(21), 1934-1939. Testing for the Presence of Positive-Outcome Bias in Peer Review: A Randomized Controlled Trial | Orthopedics | JAMA Internal Medicine | JAMA Network.
  7. Fine, E. & Handelsman, J. (2006). Reviewing applicants: Research on bias and assumptions. Women in Science and Engineering Leadership Institute (WISELI) University of Wisconsin-Madison. Reviewing Applicants: Research on Bias and Assumptions || Women in Science & Engineering Leadership Institute [ PDF (189 KB) - external link ].
  8. Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). Understanding and using the implicit association test: III. meta-analysis of predictive validity. Journal of Social Psychology, 97(1), 17-41. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity.
  9. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464-1480. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test.
  10. Jean‐Pierre, J., & James, C. E. (2020). Beyond Pain and Outrage: Understanding and Addressing Anti‐Black Racism in Canada. The Canadian Review of Sociology, 57(4), 708–712. Beyond Pain and Outrage: Understanding and Addressing Anti‐Black Racism in Canada - Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie - Wiley Online Library.
  11. Lai, C. K., Marini, M., Lehr, S. A., Cerruti, C., Shin, J.-E. L., Joy-Gaba, J. A., Ho, A. K., Teachman, B. A., Wojcik, S. P., Koleva, S. P., Frazier, R. S., Heiphetz, L., Chen, E. E., Turner, R. N., Haidt, J., Kesebir, S., Hawkins, C. B., Schaefer, H. S., Rubichi, S., & Sartori, G. (2014). Reducing implicit racial preferences: I. A comparative investigation of 17 interventions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(4), 1765–1785. Reducing implicit racial preferences: I. A comparative investigation of 17 interventions.
  12. Marsh, H. W., Jayasinghe, U. W., & Bond, N. W. (2008). Improving the peer-review process for grant applications: Reliability, validity, bias, and generalizability. American Psychologist, 63(3), 160–168. Improving the peer-review process for grant applications: Reliability, validity, bias, and generalizability.
  13. Miller, D.I., Nolla, K.M., Eagly, A.H., & Uttal, D.H. (2018). The development of children's gender‐science stereotypes: A meta‐analysis of 5 decades of U.S. draw‐a‐scientist studies. Child Development, 89(6), 1943-1955. The Development of Children's Gender‐Science Stereotypes: A Meta‐analysis of 5 Decades of U.S. Draw‐A‐Scientist Studies - Child Development - Wiley Online Library.
  14. Moss-Racusin, C.A., van der Toorn, J., Dovidio, J.F., Brescoll, V.L., Graham, M.J., & Handelsman, J. (2014). Scientific diversity interventions. Science Magazine, 343(6171), 615-616. Scientific Diversity Interventions | Science.
  15. Nadal, K. L. (2014). A guide to responding to microaggressions. CUNY Forum, 2(1), 71–76. DataSpace: A Guide to Responding to Microaggressions.
  16. Ross, H. (2008, August). Proven strategies for addressing unconscious bias in the workplace. CDO Insights, 2(5). Cook Ross Inc. Proven Strategies for Addressing Unconscious Bias in the Workplace - Independent Sector [ PDF (2.8 MB) - external link ].
  17. Ross, H. (2014). Everyday bias: Identifying and navigating unconscious judgments in our daily lives. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Everyday Bias - Howard J. Ross.
  18. Ricks, T., Abbyad, C., & Polinard, E. (2021). Undoing racism and mitigating bias among healthcare professionals: Lessons learned during a systematic review.Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 9(5), 1990–2000. Undoing Racism and Mitigating Bias Among Healthcare Professionals: Lessons Learned During a Systematic Review | Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities.
  19. Stewart, B. D., & Payne, B. K. (2008). Bringing automatic stereotyping under control: Implementation intentions as efficient means of thought control. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(10), 1332–1345. Bringing Automatic Stereotyping Under Control: Implementation Intentions as Efficient Means of Thought Control.
  20. Sue, D. W. (2013). Race talk: The psychology of racial dialogues. American Psychologist, 68(8), 663-672. Race talk: The psychology of racial dialogues.
  21. Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Nadal, K. L., & Torino, G. C. (2008). Racial microaggressions and the power to define reality. American Psychologist, 63(4), 277-279. Racial Microaggressions and the Power to Define Reality.
  22. Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M. B., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial Microaggressions in Everyday Life. American Psychologist, 62(4), 271-286. Racial microaggressions in everyday life: implications for clinical practice - PubMed.
  23. Sue, D. W. & Spanierman, L. B. (2020). Microaggressions in Everyday Life (2nd ed). John Wiley and Sons. Microaggressions in Everyday Life, 2nd Edition | Wiley.
  24. Wager, E., Godlee, F., & Jefferson, T. (2002). How to survive peer review. BMJ Books. How To Survive Peer Review | Wiley [ PDF (260 KB) - external link ].
  25. Willis, L. M., Mehta, D., & Davis, A. (2020). Twelve principles trainees, PIs, departments and faculties can use to reduce bias and discrimination in STEM. ACS Cent. Sci, 6(12), 2294-2300. Twelve Principles Trainees, PIs, Departments, and Faculties Can Use to Reduce Bias and Discrimination in STEM | ACS Central Science.
  26. Wilson, M. A., DePass, A. L., Bean, A. J. (2018). Institutional interventions that remove barriers to recruit and retain diverse biomedical PhD students. CBE Life Sciences Education, 17(ar27): 1–14. Institutional Interventions That Remove Barriers to Recruit and Retain Diverse Biomedical PhD Students | CBE—Life Sciences Education.
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